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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *lewH- (“to loosen, set free”). Cognate to Latin luō (“to set free”) and Ancient Greek λύω (lúō, “to loosen”).[1]
Verb
*luweti
- to come loose
Inflection
| Thematic present
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*luwū
|
*luwemam
|
*lilūsū
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*luwesi
|
*luwetās
|
*lilūsesi
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*luweti
|
*luweto
|
*lilūseti
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*luwomosi
|
*luwemo
|
*lilūsomosi
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*luwetesi
|
*luwestē
|
*lilūsetesi
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*luwonti
|
*luwento
|
*lilūsonti
|
—
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*luwasū
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*luwasesi
|
?
|
*luwe
|
| 3rd singular
|
*luwaseti
|
?
|
*luwetou
|
| 1st plural
|
*luwasomosi
|
?
|
*luwomos
|
| 2nd plural
|
*luwasetesi
|
?
|
*luwete
|
| 3rd plural
|
*luwasonti
|
?
|
*luwontou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*luwūr
|
—
|
*lilūsūr
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*luwetar
|
—
|
*lilūsetar
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*luwetor
|
?
|
*lilūsetor
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*luwommor
|
—
|
*lilūsommor
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*luwedwe
|
—
|
*lilūsedwe
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*luwontor
|
?
|
*lilūsontor
|
—
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*luwasūr
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*luwasetar
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*luwasetor
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*luwasommor
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*luwasedwe
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*luwasontor
|
—
|
—
|
| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*luwonts
|
*luwonte
|
*luwontes
|
| vocative
|
*luwonts
|
*luwonte
|
*luwontes
|
| accusative
|
*luwontam
|
*luwonte
|
*luwontans
|
| genitive
|
*luwantos
|
*?
|
*luwantom
|
| dative
|
*luwantei
|
*luwantbom
|
*luwantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*luwantī?
|
*luwantbim
|
*luwantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*luwantī
|
*luwantī
|
*luwantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*luwantī
|
*luwantī
|
*luwantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*luwantīm
|
*luwantī
|
*luwantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*luwantyās
|
*?
|
*luwantyom
|
| dative
|
*luwantyāi
|
*luwantyābom
|
*luwantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*luwantyābim
|
*luwantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*luwont
|
*?
|
*luwonta
|
| vocative
|
*luwont
|
*?
|
*luwonta
|
| accusative
|
*luwont
|
*?
|
*luwonta
|
| genitive
|
*luwantos
|
*?
|
*luwantom
|
| dative
|
*luwantei
|
*?
|
*luwantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*luwantī?
|
*?
|
*luwantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*luwomnos
|
*luwomnou
|
*luwomnoi
|
| vocative
|
*luwomne
|
*luwomnou
|
*luwomnoi
|
| accusative
|
*luwomnom
|
*luwomnou
|
*luwomnons
|
| genitive
|
*luwomnī
|
*luwomnous
|
*luwomnom
|
| dative
|
*luwomnūi
|
*luwomnobom
|
*luwomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*luwomnū
|
*luwomnobim
|
*luwomnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*luwomnā
|
*luwomnai
|
*luwomnās
|
| vocative
|
*luwomnā
|
*luwomnai
|
*luwomnās
|
| accusative
|
*luwomnam
|
*luwomnai
|
*luwomnans
|
| genitive
|
*luwomnās
|
*luwomnous
|
*luwomnom
|
| dative
|
*luwomnai
|
*luwomnābom
|
*luwomnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*luwomnābim
|
*luwomnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*luwomnom
|
*luwomnou
|
*luwomnā
|
| vocative
|
*luwomnom
|
*luwomnou
|
*luwomnā
|
| accusative
|
*luwomnom
|
*luwomnou
|
*luwomnā
|
| genitive
|
*luwomnī
|
*luwomnous
|
*luwomnom
|
| dative
|
*luwomnūi
|
*luwomnobom
|
*luwomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*luwomnū
|
*luwomnobim
|
*luwomnobis
|
| Declension of the past participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*lutos
|
*lutou
|
*lutoi
|
| vocative
|
*lute
|
*lutou
|
*lutoi
|
| accusative
|
*lutom
|
*lutou
|
*lutons
|
| genitive
|
*lutī
|
*lutous
|
*lutom
|
| dative
|
*lutūi
|
*lutobom
|
*lutobos
|
| instrumental
|
*lutū
|
*lutobim
|
*lutobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*lutā
|
*lutai
|
*lutās
|
| vocative
|
*lutā
|
*lutai
|
*lutās
|
| accusative
|
*lutam
|
*lutai
|
*lutans
|
| genitive
|
*lutās
|
*lutous
|
*lutom
|
| dative
|
*lutai
|
*lutābom
|
*lutābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*lutābim
|
*lutābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*lutom
|
*lutou
|
*lutā
|
| vocative
|
*lutom
|
*lutou
|
*lutā
|
| accusative
|
*lutom
|
*lutou
|
*lutā
|
| genitive
|
*lutī
|
*lutous
|
*lutom
|
| dative
|
*lutūi
|
*lutobom
|
*lutobos
|
| instrumental
|
*lutū
|
*lutobim
|
*lutobis
|
Descendants
This verb did not survive as a simple verb in Old Irish, and the derivatives were conflated with unrelated luithir (“to move”), given how the present stem of as·luí is usually as·lu- instead of the expected *as-lo- with a merger of -ow- and -uw-;[2] contrast Old Irish soïd from Proto-Celtic *suweti. A list of derived terms will be provided below:
- ⇒ Old Irish: as·luí
- ⇒ Old Irish: as·comlai
- ⇒ Old Irish: con·úalai
- ⇒ Old Irish: do·cumlai
- ⇒ Middle Irish: con·luí
- ⇒ Middle Irish: do·élai
References
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*luw-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 250
- ^ Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, page 463