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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Etymology
A verb infamous for its complicated origin. There are two major theories on its origin:[1]
- A modern theory derives the verb from a suppletive conflation of a nasal-infix present *lungeti from Proto-Indo-European *h₂lewgʰ- (“to announce”) and a preterite derived from *tek- (“to reach out, receive with one's hands”). The initial t- outside the present would thus come from analogy with the preterite. This theory dismisses a connection with Gaulish toncsiiontio.[2]
- An older, more traditional theory supposed descent from Proto-Indo-European *th₂négti (“to touch, grasp; to take”), ne-infixed verb from the root *teh₂g- (“to touch; to take”), with semantic divergence (i.e. to “take (an oath)”); compare Latin tangō (“(I) touch”), especially in the figurative meanings “affect; enchant”, Proto-Germanic *þakkōną (“to touch lightly”) and Ancient Greek τεταγών (tetagṓn, “having seized”, ptcp.). The o-grade in Old Irish however would be unexplained.
Verb
*tungeti
- to swear (an oath)
Inflection
| Thematic present, suffixless preterite
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*tungū
|
*tungemam
|
*tituxsū
|
*tetoka
|
| 2nd singular
|
*tungesi
|
*tungetās
|
*tituxsesi
|
*tetokas?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*tungeti
|
*tungeto
|
*tituxseti
|
*tetoke
|
| 1st plural
|
*tungomosi
|
*tungemo
|
*tituxsomosi
|
*tetokmo
|
| 2nd plural
|
*tungetesi
|
*tungestē
|
*tituxsetesi
|
*tetoxte
|
| 3rd plural
|
*tungonti
|
*tungento
|
*tituxsonti
|
*tetokars
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*touxsū
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*touxsesi
|
?
|
*tunge
|
| 3rd singular
|
*touxseti
|
?
|
*tungetou
|
| 1st plural
|
*touxsomosi
|
?
|
*tungomos
|
| 2nd plural
|
*touxsetesi
|
?
|
*tungete
|
| 3rd plural
|
*touxsonti
|
?
|
*tungontou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*tungūr
|
—
|
*tituxsūr
|
*tetokra
|
| 2nd singular
|
*tungetar
|
—
|
*tituxsetar
|
*tetokras?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*tungetor
|
?
|
*tituxsetor
|
*tetokre
|
| 1st plural
|
*tungommor
|
—
|
*tituxsommor
|
?
|
| 2nd plural
|
*tungedwe
|
—
|
*tituxsedwe
|
?
|
| 3rd plural
|
*tungontor
|
?
|
*tituxsontor
|
?
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*touxsūr
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*touxsetar
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*touxsetor
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*touxsommor
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*touxsedwe
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*touxsontor
|
—
|
—
|
| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*tungonts
|
*tungonte
|
*tungontes
|
| vocative
|
*tungonts
|
*tungonte
|
*tungontes
|
| accusative
|
*tungontam
|
*tungonte
|
*tungontans
|
| genitive
|
*tungantos
|
*?
|
*tungantom
|
| dative
|
*tungantei
|
*tungantbom
|
*tungantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*tungantī?
|
*tungantbim
|
*tungantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*tungantī
|
*tungantī
|
*tungantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*tungantī
|
*tungantī
|
*tungantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*tungantīm
|
*tungantī
|
*tungantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*tungantyās
|
*?
|
*tungantyom
|
| dative
|
*tungantyāi
|
*tungantyābom
|
*tungantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*tungantyābim
|
*tungantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*tungont
|
*?
|
*tungonta
|
| vocative
|
*tungont
|
*?
|
*tungonta
|
| accusative
|
*tungont
|
*?
|
*tungonta
|
| genitive
|
*tungantos
|
*?
|
*tungantom
|
| dative
|
*tungantei
|
*?
|
*tungantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*tungantī?
|
*?
|
*tungantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*tungomnos
|
*tungomnou
|
*tungomnoi
|
| vocative
|
*tungomne
|
*tungomnou
|
*tungomnoi
|
| accusative
|
*tungomnom
|
*tungomnou
|
*tungomnons
|
| genitive
|
*tungomnī
|
*tungomnous
|
*tungomnom
|
| dative
|
*tungomnūi
|
*tungomnobom
|
*tungomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*tungomnū
|
*tungomnobim
|
*tungomnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*tungomnā
|
*tungomnai
|
*tungomnās
|
| vocative
|
*tungomnā
|
*tungomnai
|
*tungomnās
|
| accusative
|
*tungomnam
|
*tungomnai
|
*tungomnans
|
| genitive
|
*tungomnās
|
*tungomnous
|
*tungomnom
|
| dative
|
*tungomnai
|
*tungomnābom
|
*tungomnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*tungomnābim
|
*tungomnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*tungomnom
|
*tungomnou
|
*tungomnā
|
| vocative
|
*tungomnom
|
*tungomnou
|
*tungomnā
|
| accusative
|
*tungomnom
|
*tungomnou
|
*tungomnā
|
| genitive
|
*tungomnī
|
*tungomnous
|
*tungomnom
|
| dative
|
*tungomnūi
|
*tungomnobom
|
*tungomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*tungomnū
|
*tungomnobim
|
*tungomnobis
|
| Declension of the past participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*tuxtos
|
*tuxtou
|
*tuxtoi
|
| vocative
|
*tuxte
|
*tuxtou
|
*tuxtoi
|
| accusative
|
*tuxtom
|
*tuxtou
|
*tuxtons
|
| genitive
|
*tuxtī
|
*tuxtous
|
*tuxtom
|
| dative
|
*tuxtūi
|
*tuxtobom
|
*tuxtobos
|
| instrumental
|
*tuxtū
|
*tuxtobim
|
*tuxtobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*tuxtā
|
*tuxtai
|
*tuxtās
|
| vocative
|
*tuxtā
|
*tuxtai
|
*tuxtās
|
| accusative
|
*tuxtam
|
*tuxtai
|
*tuxtans
|
| genitive
|
*tuxtās
|
*tuxtous
|
*tuxtom
|
| dative
|
*tuxtai
|
*tuxtābom
|
*tuxtābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*tuxtābim
|
*tuxtābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*tuxtom
|
*tuxtou
|
*tuxtā
|
| vocative
|
*tuxtom
|
*tuxtou
|
*tuxtā
|
| accusative
|
*tuxtom
|
*tuxtou
|
*tuxtā
|
| genitive
|
*tuxtī
|
*tuxtous
|
*tuxtom
|
| dative
|
*tuxtūi
|
*tuxtobom
|
*tuxtobos
|
| instrumental
|
*tuxtū
|
*tuxtobim
|
*tuxtobis
|
Derived terms
- *writ-tungeti (“to counter-swear”)
- Proto-Brythonic:
- Old Irish: fristoing (“to forswear”)
Descendants
- Proto-Brythonic:
- Middle Breton: toeaff, touet
- Cornish: tia
- Middle Welsh: tyngu
- Old Irish: tongaid
- >? Gaulish: toncsiiontio (3p.fut.rel.)
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*tong-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 383
- ^ Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) “Urkelt. *tu-n-g-e/o- ← 2. *lu-n-g-e/o- ‘schwören’”, in Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, pages 648-52
- ^ Gordon, Randall Clark (2012) “to-n-g-”, in Derivational Morphology of the Early Irish Verbal Noun, Los Angeles: University of California, pages 317-319