Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ulaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative forms

Etymology

From pre-Germanic *-(V)los. Presumably the *-u- is anaptyctic or was carried over from the non-singular past indicative stem. Compare Latin -ulus in tremulus (trembling), crēdulus (believing).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈu.lɑz/

Suffix

*-ulaz

  1. Forms adjectives from verbs meaning “doing” or “pertaining to doing” the verb.

Inflection

Declension of *-ulaz (a-stem)
Strong declension
singular plural
masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter
nominative *-ulaz *-ulō *-ulą, *-at(ō) *-ulai *-ulôz *-ulō
accusative *-ulanǭ *-ulǭ *-ulą, *-at(ō) *-ulanz *-ulōz *-ulō
genitive *-ulas, *-ulis *-ulaizōz *-ulas, *-ulis *-ulaizǫ̂ *-ulaizǫ̂ *-ulaizǫ̂
dative *-ulammai *-ulaizōi *-ulammai *-ulaimaz *-ulaimaz *-ulaimaz
instrumental *-ulanō *-ulaizō *-ulanō *-ulaimiz *-ulaimiz *-ulaimiz
Weak declension
singular plural
masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter
nominative *-ulô *-ulǭ *-ulô *-ulaniz *-ulōniz *-ulōnō
accusative *-ulanų *-ulōnų *-ulô *-ulanunz *-ulōnunz *-ulōnō
genitive *-uliniz *-ulōniz *-uliniz *-ulanǫ̂ *-ulōnǫ̂ *-ulanǫ̂
dative *-ulini *-ulōni *-ulini *-ulammaz *-ulōmaz *-ulammaz
instrumental *-ulinē *-ulōnē *-ulinē *-ulammiz *-ulōmiz *-ulammiz

Usage notes

When attached to strong verbs the adjective appears in the zero-grade with Verner's alternation.

Derived terms

Descendants

  • Old English: -ol
    • Middle English: -el
  • Old Norse: -ull
  • Gothic: -𐌿𐌻𐍃 (-uls)