Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/stenaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)tenh₂- (“to crash, sound, thunder, roar, moan”). Cognate with Latin tonō (“to thunder”).^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈste.nɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*stenaną^[1]^[2]

(West Germanic) to sigh, groan

Inflection

Conjugation of (strong class 4)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*stenō	*stenaų	—	*stenai	?
2nd singular	*stinizi	*stenaiz	*sten	*stenazai	*stenaizau
3rd singular	*stinidi	*stenai	*stenadau	*stenadai	*stenaidau
1st dual	*stenōz	*stenaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*stenadiz	*stenaidiz	*stenadiz	—	—
1st plural	*stenamaz	*stenaim	—	*stenandai	*stenaindau
2nd plural	*stinid	*stenaid	*stinid	*stenandai	*stenaindau
3rd plural	*stenandi	*stenain	*stenandau	*stenandai	*stenaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*stan	*stēnį̄
2nd singular	*stant	*stēnīz
3rd singular	*stan	*stēnī
1st dual	*stēnū	*stēnīw
2nd dual	*stēnudiz	*stēnīdiz
1st plural	*stēnum	*stēnīm
2nd plural	*stēnud	*stēnīd
3rd plural	*stēnun	*stēnīn

	present	past
participles	*stenandz	*stunanaz

Related terms

*þunraz

Derived terms

*stanikōną
*stanjaną
*stēnijaną
*stuniz
*stunjaną
*stunōną

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *stenan
- Old English: stenan, stinan
- Old Saxon: *stenan
  - Middle Low German: stēnen, stȫnen (rounded form perhaps merged with *stunōn or *stunnjan)
    - Low German: stöhnen
    - →? Middle High German: stenen (northern)
      - German: stöhnen
- Old Dutch: *stenan
  - Middle Dutch: stēnen
    - Dutch: stenen, steunen (rounded form perhaps merged with *stunōn or *stunnjan)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Vladimir Orel (2003) “*stenanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 374
^ Seebold, Elmar (1970) “STEN-A-”, in Vergleichendes und etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen starken Verben (Janua Linguarum. Series practica; 85) (in German), Paris, Den Haag: Mouton, →ISBN, page 469

[Orel-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Vladimir Orel (2003) “*stenanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 374

[Seebold-2] Seebold, Elmar (1970) “STEN-A-”, in Vergleichendes und etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen starken Verben (Janua Linguarum. Series practica; 85) (in German), Paris, Den Haag: Mouton, →ISBN, page 469

[1]

[2]