Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/yem-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

    Root

    *yem-[1][2][3][4]

    1. to hold, restrain
    2. to take, seize

    Derived terms

    Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *yem- (10 c, 0 e)
    • *yém-t ~ *im-ént (root aorist)[1] (sometimes reconstructed as 'Narten aorist' *yḗm-t ~ *yém-n̥t,[2] but this is controversial[5])
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Há-yam-t (with full grade as weak stem to clarify root)
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
          • Sanskrit: अयमुर् (ayamur, 3pl.aor.ind.), यमति (yámati, 3sg.aor.subj.)
          • ⇒ Sanskrit: अयान् (ayān, 3sg.aor.ind.), अयांसम् (áyāṃsam, 1sg.aor.ind.) (s-aorist)
        • Proto-Iranian:
          • ⇒ Old Avestan: 𐬀𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬁 (apaiiaṇtā, “to take away”, 3sg.aor.inj.med.) (+ *Hapa- (“off, away, from”))
          • ⇒ Old Avestan: 𐬵𐬇𐬨𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬏 (hə̄miiaṇtū, “to attend to”, 3sg.aor.impv.act.) (+ *ham- (“together, one”))
      • >? Proto-Tocharian: (possibly from *yew-e/o-, irregularly developed from aor.subj. *yem-e/o-[2])
        • Tocharian A: ypa- ~ ya- (“to do, make”, present stem)
    • *ym̥-sḱ-éti (sḱe-present)[1]
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yasćáti[6]
    • ? *yem-néH-ti (neH-present)
      • Proto-Tocharian: *yämnā- (“to achieve”)[7] (with -n- possibly secondary[8]; or from *h₁em-[9])
        • Tocharian A: yomnāṣ (3sg.subj.)
        • Tocharian B: yanmacer (2pl.subj.)
    • *ye-yóm-e ~ *ye-ym-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)[1]
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *́yayā́ma
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yayā́ma
      • >? Proto-Tocharian:[2]
        • Tocharian A: yām- (“to do, make”)
        • Tocharian B: yām- (“to do, make”)
    • *yom-éye-ti (eye-causative)[1]
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yāmáyati
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yāmáyati
          • Sanskrit: यामयति (yāmáyati)
        • Proto-Iranian: *yāmáyati[2][6] (see there for further descendants)
    • *yém-tro-m
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
          • Sanskrit: यन्त्र n (yantrá, “fastening”) (see there for further descendants)
    • *yém-o-s
      • Proto-Albanian: *jama[10]
        • Albanian: gjem (“bridle”)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yámas
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yámas
          • Sanskrit: यम (yáma, “rein, curb, bridle”)
    • *yém-ti-s ~ *ym̥-téy-s
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yatis
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yatis
          • Sanskrit: यति (yáti, “holding, guidance”)
    • *yom-ó-s
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yāmás
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yāmás
          • Sanskrit: सुयाम (suyāmá, “restraining well”) (+ सु (su))
    • *ym̥-tó-s (“held, restrained”)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yatás (see there for further descendants)
    • Unsorted formations:
      • >? Proto-Germanic: *jēmaraz (“miserable, sorrowful, sad”) (or onomatopoeic)
      • >? Ancient Greek: ἥμερος (hḗmeros) (one of several hypotheses)
      • Proto-Tocharian: *yäm- (“to achieve”)[7] (or from *h₁em-[11])
        • Tocharian A: yomär (3pl.pret.)
      • Sanskrit: यन्तु (yántu)
        • ⇒ Sanskrit: यन्तुरम् m (yantúram, “guider, guiding”, acc.sg.) (from *यन्तुतुर् (*yantutúr)[12])

    Descendants

    • Proto-Indo-Iranian:

    References

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “?*i̯em-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 312
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2011–2024) “*i̯em-”, in Addenda und Corrigenda zu LIV²‎[1]
    3. ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “i̭em-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 505
    4. ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001) “YAM”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎[2] (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 399-400
    5. ^ Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2017–2018) “Chapter XVII: Indo-Iranian”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The morphology of Indo-Iranian, page 1910
    6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Edelʹman, D. I. (2011) “*i̭am-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume 4, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 68-78
    7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “yäm-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 538-539
    8. ^ Malzahn, Melanie (2010) The Tocharian Verbal System, Leiden: Brill, page 796
    9. ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 236
    10. ^ Orel, Vladimir E. (2000) A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language: reconstruction of Proto-Albanian‎[3], Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 268
    11. ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 236
    12. ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001) “yantúr-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎[4] (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 398
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