Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-tva

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

    Etymology tree
    Proto-Indo-European *-tus
    Proto-Indo-European *-h₂
    Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂
    Proto-Indo-European *-tweh₂
    Proto-Slavic *-tva

    From Proto-Balto-Slavic *twāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *-tu-eh₂.[1] By surface analysis, an a-extension of *-tъ (u-stem).[2] Compare Proto-Germanic *-þwō.

    Compare also Lithuanian milžtuvė̃, Lietuvà (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?).

    Suffix

    *-tva f

    1. Deverbative, forming nouns denoting an act, state, result.
      Synonyms: *-ьje, *-ьba, *-ъ
      *pasti (“to graze”) → *pastva (“flock”)
      *klęti (“to curse”) → *klętva (“curse”)
      *orati (“to plow”) → *oratva (“plowing”)
      *modliti (“to pray”) → *modlitva (“prayer”)
      *sěti (“to sow”) → *sětva (“sowing”)
      *žęti (“to reap, harvest”) → *žętva (“harvest”)
    2. Deverbative, forming nouns denoting a tool.
      Synonym: *-dlo
      *briti (“to shave”) → *britva (“razor”)

    Declension

    Declension of *-tva (hard a-stem)
    singular dual plural
    nominative *-tva *-tvě *-tvy
    genitive *-tvy *-tvu *-tvъ
    dative *-tvě *-tvama *-tvamъ
    accusative *-tvǫ *-tvě *-tvy
    instrumental *-tvojǫ, *-tvǫ** *-tvama *-tvami
    locative *-tvě *-tvu *-tvasъ, *-tvaxъ*
    vocative *-tvo *-tvě *-tvy

    * -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
    ** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

    Alternative forms

    See also

    Derived terms

    Proto-Slavic terms suffixed with *-tva
    Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/bitva
    Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/britva
    Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/dělitьba
    Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/ěstva
    Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/klętva
    Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/litva
    Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/lovitva
    Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/melstva
    Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/meltva
    Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/mertva
    Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/mytva
    Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/oratva
    Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/šьstvьje
    Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/žętva
    Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/žьrtva

    Descendants

    • East Slavic:
      • Old East Slavic: -тва (-tva)
    • South Slavic:
      • Old Church Slavonic:
        Old Cyrillic script: -тва (-tva)
        Glagolitic script: -ⱅⰲⰰ (-tva)
      • Bulgarian: -тва (-tva)
      • Macedonian: -тва (-tva)
      • Serbo-Croatian:
        Cyrillic script: -тва
        Latin script: -tva
      • Slovene: -tev (tonal orthography)
    • West Slavic:

    Further reading

    • Šekli, Matej (2012) “Besedotvorni pomeni samostalniških izpeljank v praslovanščini”, in Philological Studies‎[1] (in Slovene), volume 10, number 1, Skopje, Perm, Ljubljana, Zagreb, pages 115–32
    • Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1980), “*gubitva”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 7 (*golvačь – *gyžati), Moscow: Nauka, page 166
    • Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1988), “*litva”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 15 (*lětina – *lokačь), Moscow: Nauka, →ISBN, page 159
    • Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1992), “*melztva”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 18 (*matoga – *mękyšьka), Moscow: Nauka, →ISBN, page 96
    • Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1992), “*meltva”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 18 (*matoga – *mękyšьka), Moscow: Nauka, →ISBN, page 91
    • Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1981), “*jat(ъ)va”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 8 (*xa – *jьvьlga), Moscow: Nauka, page 183
    • Sreznevsky, Izmail I. (1902) “приꙗти”, in Матеріалы для Словаря древне-русскаго языка по письменнымъ памятникамъ [Materials for the Dictionary of the Old East Slavic Language Based on Written Monuments]‎[2] (in Russian), volume 2 (Л – П), Saint Petersburg: Department of Russian Language and Literature of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, column 1502
    • Varbot Ž. Ž. (1976) “Вариантность суффиксальной структуры в однокоренных славянских именах и реконструкция праславянского лексического фонда”, in Вопросы языкознания, number 6, Moscow: Nauka, page 33

    References

    1. ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*bìtva”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 32: “*bʰiH-tu-eh₂”
    2. ^ Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1980), “*gonitva”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 7 (*golvačь – *gyžati), Moscow: Nauka, page 23
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