Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/yudruk

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Alternative reconstructions

*yïdruk

Etymology

The ultimate origin is unknown. Even though suggested to be a derivation from *yum- (“to close (of eyes)”); Bashkir, Old Uyghur, Karakhanid and so on don't point it. According to historical chronology, *yumruk seems to have later replaced *yudruk. As regards *ń-, Doerfer deemed only the comparison of Mongolic nudurga ‘fist’ and Turkic yudruk acceptable and claimed that the Mongolic form might have been dissimilated from *dudurga. In a later study in which he consonants had not undergone any changes during the formation of Proto-Common-Turkic and Proto-Bulgar-Turkic, it is possible and quite likely that Proto-Turkic had the same initials *p-, *ń- and *d₂- aswell.

Compared to Proto-Mongolic *nidurga (“fist”) and Proto-Tungusic *nurga (“fist”). And also Korean 주먹 (jumeok, “fist”) (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Noun

*yudruk

fist

Declension

Declension of *yudruk
	singular ³⁾
nominative	*yudruk
accusative	yudrukug, yudruknï¹⁾
genitive	*yudruknuŋ
dative	*yudrukka
locative	*yudrukda
ablative	*yudrukdan
allative	*yudrukgaru
instrumental ²⁾	*yudrukun
equative ²⁾	*yudrukča
similative ²⁾	*yudruklayu
comitative ²⁾	*yudruklugu

¹⁾ Originally used only in pronominal declension.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative, and comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality in Proto-Turkic is disputed. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page on Wikibooks.

Descendants

Proto-Common Turkic: *yudruk

Arghu:
- Khalaj: zumruq
Proto-Oghuz: *yumruk
- Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (yumruq)
  - Azerbaijani: yumruq
  - Gagauz: yumruk
  - Ottoman Turkish: یومروق (yumruk)
    - Turkish: yumruk
    - → Bulgarian: юмрук (jumruk)
- Salar: yuğurdaq
- Turkmen: ýumruk
Karluk:
- Karakhanid: يُذْرُقْ (yuδruq)
  - Chagatai: [script needed] (yumruk)
Kipchak: *yumruk, *yudruk
- North Kipchak:
  - Tatar: йомрык (yomrıq), йодрык (yodrıq)
  - Bashkir: йоҙроҡ (yoźroq)
- West Kipchak:
  - Crimean Tatar: yumruq, yumrıq
  - Karachay-Balkar: джумдурукъ (cumduruq)
  - Karaim:
  - Kumyk: юмурукъ (yumuruq)
  - Urum: йумрух
- South Kipchak:
  - Caspian:
    - Karakalpak:
    - Kazakh: жұдырық (jūdyryq), жұмырық (jūmyryq)
    - Nogai: юмырык (yumırık)
  - Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
    - Kyrgyz: жудурук (juduruk)
    - Southern Altai: јудрук (ǰudruk)
Siberian: *yudruk
- Old Turkic:
  - Old Uyghur: yydrwq (yïdruq)
    - Western Yugur: [script needed] (uzïrïq)
- North Siberian:
  - Yakut: сутурук (suturuk), сутурух (suturuq)
- South Siberian:
  - Sayan:
    - Tofa: нюдуруӄ (ńuduruq)
    - Tuvan: чудурук (çuduruk)
  - Yeniseian:
    - Khakas: мунзурух (munzurux), нузурух (nuzurux)
    - Shor: [script needed] (nuzruq)

References

Doerfer, Gerhard (1963–1975). Türkische und Mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen. Bde. I–IV, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag.
Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*yudruk”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎^[1], Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
Clauson, Gerard (1972) “”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 892
Sevortjan, E. V., Levitskaja, L. S. (1989) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume 4, Moscow: Nauka, pages 248-249
Tenišev E. R., editor (1984–2006), Sravnitelʹno-istoričeskaja grammatika tjurkskix jazykov: [Comparative Historical Grammar of Turkic Languages:] (in Russian), Moscow: Nauka, page 253