怨

怨 U+6028, 怨
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6028
← 性
[U+6027] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 怩 →
[U+6029]

Translingual

Han character

怨 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+5, 9 strokes, cangjie input 弓山心 (NUP), four-corner 27331, composition ⿱夗心)

Derived characters

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 382, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10479
  • Dae Jaweon: page 711, character 1
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2281, character 7
  • Unihan data for U+6028

Chinese

trad. 怨
simp. # 怨

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (夗) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
涴 *qoːls, *qoːn, *qonʔ
埦 *qoːn
豌 *qoːn
剜 *qoːn
眢 *qoːn, *qon
蜿 *qoːn, *qon, *qonʔ
帵 *qoːn
碗 *qoːnʔ
椀 *qoːnʔ
盌 *qoːnʔ
腕 *qoːns
惋 *qoːns
捥 *qoːns
睕 *qoːns, *qonʔ, *qoːd
琬 *qoːns, *qonʔ
鴛 *quːn, *qon
鵷 *qon
惌 *qon, *qonʔ
宛 *qon, *qonʔ
怨 *qon, *qons
葾 *qon
夗 *qonʔ
婉 *qonʔ
菀 *qonʔ, *qud
苑 *qonʔ, *qons
踠 *qonʔ
畹 *qonʔ, *qons
倇 *qonʔ
晼 *qonʔ
黦 *qod, *qod, *qud
焥 *qoːd

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *qon, *qons): phonetic 夗 (OC *qonʔ) + semantic 心 (“heart”).

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Possibly related to 冤?”)

Pronunciation

Note:
  • uang3 - Shantou;
  • uêng3 - Chaozhou.
    Rime
    Character 怨 怨
    Reading # 1/2 2/2
    Initial (聲) 影 (34) 影 (34)
    Final (韻) 元 (66) 元 (66)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Closed Closed
    Division (等) III III
    Fanqie 於袁切 於願切
    Baxter 'jwon 'jwonH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ʔʉɐn/ /ʔʉɐnH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ʔʷiɐn/ /ʔʷiɐnH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ʔiuɐn/ /ʔiuɐnH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ʔuan/ /ʔuanH/
    Li
    Rong         		/ʔiuɐn/ /ʔiuɐnH/
    Wang
    Li         		/ĭwɐn/ /ĭwɐnH/
    Bernhard
    Karlgren         		/ʔi̯wɐn/ /ʔi̯wɐnH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		yuān yuàn
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		jyun1 jyun3
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 怨
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		yuàn
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ ʔjwonH ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*[ʔ]o[r]-s/
    English resentment

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 怨 怨
    Reading # 1/2 2/2
    No. 16286 16305
    Phonetic
    component         		夗 夗
    Rime
    group         		元 元
    Rime
    subdivision         		3 3
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		鴛
    Old
    Chinese         		/*qon/ /*qons/

    Definitions

    怨

    1. to resent; to hate
    2. hatred; enmity; resentment
    3. to complain; to grumble; to moan
    4. complaint; grievance

    Synonyms

    Dialectal synonyms of 恨 (“to hate”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 怨
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 恨, 憎恨, 嫌惡, 怨恨
    Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 恨
    Taiwan 恨
    Malaysia 恨
    Singapore 恨
    Central Plains Mandarin Xi'an 恨
    Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 恨
    Ürümqi 恨
    Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 恨
    Wuhan 恨, 懥怨
    Liuzhou 恨
    Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 恨
    Hefei 恨
    Cantonese Guangzhou 憎, 嬲
    Hong Kong 憎
    Dongguan 憎
    Yangjiang 嬲
    Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 憎
    Singapore (Guangfu) 憎
    Gan Nanchang 恨
    Hakka Meixian 恨
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 恨
    Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 恨
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 恨
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 恨
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 恨
    Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 恨
    Jin Taiyuan 恨
    Xinzhou 恨
    Northern Min Jian'ou 恨
    Eastern Min Fuzhou 恨
    Southern Min Xiamen 恨, 猌
    Zhangzhou 猌
    Tainan 恨, 猌
    Penang (Hokkien) 猌, 惱
    Singapore (Hokkien) 猌
    Chaozhou 恨
    Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 恨
    Wu Suzhou 恨
    Wenzhou 恨
    Xiang Changsha 恨
    Shuangfeng 馮, 恨

    Compounds

    References

    • “怨”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
    • 李如龙 [Li, Ru-long], 刘福铸 [Liu, Fu-zhu], 吴华英 [Wu, Hua-ying], 黄国城 [Huang, Guo-cheng] (2019) “2102 抱怨”, in 莆仙方言调查报告 [Investigation Report on Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 490.

    Japanese

    Kanji

    怨

    (Jōyō kanji)

    1. grudge
    2. resentment
    3. jealous

    Readings

    • Go-on: おん (on, Jōyō)←をん (won, historical)
    • Kan-on: えん (en, Jōyō)←ゑん (wen, historical)
    • Kun: うらむ (uramu, 怨む)、うらみ (urami, 怨み)、うらめしい (urameshii, 怨めしい)

    Synonyms

    Etymology 1

    Kanji in this term
    怨
    えん
    Grade: S
    kan'on

    From Middle Chinese 怨 (MC 'jwon|'jwonH).

    The kan'on pronunciation, so likely a later borrowing.

    Pronunciation

    • IPA(key): [ẽ̞ɴ]

    Affix

    怨(えん) • (en) ←ゑん (wen)?

    1. hate; resent
    Derived terms

    Etymology 2

    Kanji in this term
    怨
    おん
    Grade: S
    goon

    From Middle Chinese 怨 (MC 'jwon|'jwonH).

    The goon pronunciation, so likely the initial borrowing.

    Pronunciation

    • IPA(key): [õ̞ɴ]

    Affix

    怨(おん) • (on) ←をん (won)?

    1. hate; resent
    Derived terms

    Korean

    Hanja

    怨 • (won) (hangeul 원, revised won, McCune–Reischauer wŏn, Yale wen)

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

    Vietnamese

    Han character

    怨: Hán Nôm readings: oán

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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