Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-yós
Proto-Indo-European
Alternative forms
- *-iyos[1]
Suffix
*-yós[2]
- Creates adjectives from noun stems.
Usage notes
- When affixed to athematic nouns, the noun appeared in the oblique stem. When affixed to thematic nouns, the thematic vowel of the noun was dropped.
- Despite Ringe's reconstruction of an oxytone suffix, significant amounts of barytone *-yos adjectives formed to athematic nouns can be found in Indo-Iranian and Greek, such as Sanskrit पित्र्य (pitrya), Sanskrit पद्य (padya), and Ancient Greek πάτριος (pátrios).
Inflection
| Thematic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | ||
| nominative | *-yós | *-yéh₂ | |
| genitive | *-yósyo | *-yéh₂s | |
| masculine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *-yós | *-yóh₁ | *-yóes |
| vocative | *-yé | *-yóh₁ | *-yóes |
| accusative | *-yóm | *-yóh₁ | *-yóms |
| genitive | *-yósyo | *? | *-yóHom |
| ablative | *-yéad | *? | *-yómos, *-yóbʰos |
| dative | *-yóey | *? | *-yómos, *-yóbʰos |
| locative | *-yéy, *-yóy | *? | *-yóysu |
| instrumental | *-yóh₁ | *? | *-yṓys |
| feminine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *-yéh₂ | *-yéh₂h₁(e) | *-yéh₂es |
| vocative | *-yéh₂ | *-yéh₂h₁(e) | *-yéh₂es |
| accusative | *-yā́m | *-yéh₂h₁(e) | *-yéh₂m̥s |
| genitive | *-yéh₂s | *? | *-yéh₂oHom |
| ablative | *-yéh₂s | *? | *-yéh₂mos, *-yéh₂bʰos |
| dative | *-yéh₂ey | *? | *-yéh₂mos, *-yéh₂bʰos |
| locative | *-yéh₂, *-yéh₂i | *? | *-yéh₂su |
| instrumental | *-yéh₂h₁ | *? | *-yéh₂mis, *-yéh₂bʰis |
| neuter | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *-yóm | *-yóy(h₁) | *-yéh₂ |
| vocative | *-yóm | *-yóy(h₁) | *-yéh₂ |
| accusative | *-yóm | *-yóy(h₁) | *-yéh₂ |
| genitive | *-yósyo | *? | *-yóHom |
| ablative | *-yéad | *? | *-yómos, *-yóbʰos |
| dative | *-yóey | *? | *-yómos, *-yóbʰos |
| locative | *-yéy, *-yóy | *? | *-yóysu |
| instrumental | *-yóh₁ | *? | *-yṓys |
Derived terms
Proto-Indo-European terms suffixed with *-yós
- *-é-yos
Descendants
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-jas
- Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: -ιος (-ios)
- Italic:
- Latin: -ius
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-yás
- Proto-Germanic: *-jaz
References
- ^ Weiss, Michael L. (2009) Outline of the Historical and Comparative Grammar of Latin[1], Ann Arbor: Beech Stave Press, →ISBN, pages 274-276
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)[2], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pages 62-63