共

共 U+5171, 共 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5171 ← 兰 [U+5170] CJK Unified Ideographs 兲 → [U+5172]

Stroke order

共 (Kangxi radical 12, 八+4, 6 strokes, cangjie input 廿金 (TC), four-corner 4480₁, composition ⿱龷八)

1. Shuowen Jiezi radical №64

• 供, 㓋, 哄, 垬, 娂, 㤨, 拱, 洪, 䧆, 晎, 㬴, 栱, 烘, 珙, 䀧, 硔, 粠, 舼, 鿁(䜤), 谼, 輁(𰺄), 鉷(𫟹), 䱋(𲍎)
• 䢼, 䳍(𮭥), 衖, 鬨/閧/𬮢, 烡, 異, 粪, 巽, 髸, 龔(龚), 巷, 恭, 拲, 㭟, 㳟, 蛬, 輂(𰺅), 䢽, 蕻

• 暴 殿

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 127, character 5
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1458
• Dae Jaweon: page 283, character 6
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 243, character 2
• Unihan data for U+5171

simp. and trad.		共
alternative forms		𦱹 𠔏 𩇿

Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 廾 (“two hands”) + 口 (“an object”) – holding up an object with two hands. Eventually 口 (not “mouth”) came to be written 廿 (niàn) (not “twenty”), which later fused with 廾 to form the modern 共.

Possibly the original form of 供 (“to provide; to offer”).

Possibly related to 廾 (OC *k(r)oŋʔ, “to fold the hands in front of the breast”), with the stativizing prefix *N- (Baxter and Sagart, 2014). Schuessler (2007) also relates this word to 供 (OC *kloŋ, *kloŋs, “to provide”) and suggests the possibility of also relating it to 恭 (OC *kloŋ, “to respect”) and 貢 (OC *koːŋs, “tribute”).

The kā reading in Hokkien is from the weakening of kāng (Wu, 2017; Chappell et al., 2011).

共

1. common

   共識／共识  ―  gòngshí  ―  common understanding; consensus

2. together

   共進晚餐／共进晚餐  ―  gòng jìn wǎncān  ―  to have dinner together

   • 1984, “天使報信 [Hark! the Herald Angels Sing]”, in 滕近輝 [Philip Teng], 何統雄 [Richard Ho], transl., 《生命聖詩》 [Hymns of Life]:

     興起！地上大小邦，響應諸天共頌揚 [MSC, trad.]
     兴起！地上大小邦，响应诸天共颂扬 [MSC, simp.]

     Xīngqǐ! Dìshang dà xiǎo bāng, Xiǎngyìng zhūtiān gòng sòngyáng [Pinyin]

     Joyful, all ye nations, rise, Join the triumph of the skies [Original English lyrics]
     Rise up! nations of the earth, big and small, Sing praises together in response to the skies [Literal English translation]

3. to share
4. altogether

   我前後共買了五雙鞋。 [MSC, trad.]
   我前后共买了五双鞋。 [MSC, simp.]

   Wǒ qiánhòu gòng mǎi le wǔ shuāng xié. [Pinyin]

   From beginning to end, I altogether bought five pairs of shoes.

5. short for 共產黨／共产党 (gòngchǎndǎng, “communist party”)

   反共  ―  fǎngòng  ―  anti-communist

   1. (specifically) the Communist Party of China

      國共／国共  ―  guógòng  ―  Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China

6. (literary or dialectal) and
   • 1828, Robert Morrison, Vocabulary of the Canton Dialect, volume III, section XII:

     蜆肉桶肚裡全係坭共水 [Cantonese, trad.]
     蚬肉桶肚里全系泥共水 [Cantonese, simp.]

     hin² juk⁶ tung² tou⁵ leoi⁵ cyun⁴ hai⁶ nai⁴ gung⁶ seoi² [Jyutping]

     A muscle cask, a belly (or mind) full of nothing but mud and water.

   • 1841, Elijah Coleman Bridgman, Chinese Chrestomathy in the Canton Dialect, page 181:

     唐人有𢬿牛乳共糖嚟攪茶有冇呢 [Cantonese, trad.]
     唐人有𢬿牛乳共糖嚟搅茶有冇呢 [Cantonese, simp.]

     tong⁴ jan⁴ jau⁵ kaai⁵ ngau⁴ jyu⁵ gung⁶ tong⁴ lai⁴ gaau² caa⁴ jau⁵ mou⁵ ne¹ [Jyutping]

     Do the Chinese use milk and sugar with their tea?

   • 1993, “海闊天空 [Boundless Oceans, Vast Skies]”, performed by Beyond:

     那會怕有一天只你共我 [Literary Cantonese, trad.]
     那会怕有一天只你共我 [Literary Cantonese, simp.]

     naa⁵ wui⁵ paa³ jau⁵ jat¹ tin¹ zi² nei⁵ gung⁶ ngo⁵ [Jyutping]

     not afraid that someday there's only you and me

7. (literary or Eastern Min, Hokkien) with; to

   我共你講。 [Hokkien, trad.]
   我共你讲。 [Hokkien, simp.]

   Góa kā lí kóng. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]

   I tell you.

   • 1989, “千千闕歌”, 林振強 (lyrics), performed by 陳慧嫻:

     因你今晚共我唱 [Literary Cantonese, trad. and simp.]

     jan¹ nei⁵ gam¹ maan⁵ gung⁶ ngo⁵ coeng³ [Jyutping]

     because you are singing with me on this night

   • (Can we date this quote?), “全因為祢”, 西伯 (lyrics)‎^[1]performed by 鄧婉玲:

     死蔭幽谷中，祢伴我過渡，歡欣裡，風光裡祢共我同在 [Literary Cantonese, trad.]
     死荫幽谷中，祢伴我过渡，欢欣里，风光里祢共我同在 [Literary Cantonese, simp.]

     sei² jam³ jau¹ guk¹ zung¹, nei⁵ bun⁶ ngo⁵ gwo³ dou⁶, fun¹ jan¹ leoi⁵, fung¹ gwong¹ leoi⁵ nei⁵ gung⁶ ngo⁵ tung⁴ zoi⁶ [Jyutping]

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

8. (Eastern Min, Hokkien, dated in Cantonese) for

   共我開門。 [Hokkien, trad.]
   共我开门。 [Hokkien, simp.]

   Kā góa khui-mn̂g. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]

   Open the door for me.

   • 1828, Robert Morrison, Vocabulary of the Canton Dialect, volume III, section I:

     你共我呌個木匠黎 [Cantonese, trad.]
     你共我叫个木匠黎 [Cantonese, simp.]

     nei⁵ gung⁶ ngo⁵ giu³ go³ muk⁶ zoeng^6-2 lai⁴ [Jyutping]

     You for me call a carpenter.

9. (Hokkien) Used in imperative sentences for emphasis

   你共我會記咧！ [Hokkien, trad.]
   你共我会记咧！ [Hokkien, simp.]

   Lí kā góa ē kì leh! [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]

   Remember this!

10. (Eastern Min, Hokkien) Particle introducing the object of the verb

    共伊放袂記 [Hokkien, trad.]
    共伊放袂记 [Hokkien, simp.]

    kā i pàng bē-kì [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]

    Forget about him.

11. (Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) same

    共款 [Hokkien]  ―  kāng-khoán [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  the same

    無共／无共 [Hokkien]  ―  bô-kāng [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  not the same; different

• (and):

• (for):

• (used in imperative sentences for emphasis):

• (particle introducing the object of the verb):

• For the prepositional usage in Hokkien, if it's succeed by 3rd singular personal pronoun 伊, the pronoun can be omitted. eg.:

  共放袂記 [Hokkien, trad.]
  共放袂记 [Hokkien, simp.]

  kā pàng bē-kì [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]

  Forget about him.

Others:

• → Vietnamese: cùng

共

1. a surname

共

1. (literary) alternative form of 供 (“to provide”)
2. (literary) alternative form of 恭 (gōng, “respectful”)
3. (literary) alternative form of 宮 / 宫 (gōng, “castration (as punishment)”)

共

1. (literary) alternative form of 拱 (gǒng, “to fold the hands in front of the breast; to surround”)

• “共”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[2], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

1. together
2. both
3. all
4. with
5. co-

• Go-on: く (ku)、くう (kū)
• Kan-on: きょう (kyō, Jōyō)^{←きよう (kyou, historical)}
• Kan’yō-on: ぐ (gu)
• Kun: とも (tomo, 共, Jōyō)

Kanji in this term
共
とも Grade: 4
kun'yomi

Alternative spelling
伴

• (Tokyo) とも [tòmó] (Heiban – [0])^[1]
• (Tokyo) とも [tóꜜmò] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [to̞mo̞]

共(とも) • (tomo) 

1. both, all

   ケーキは二(ふた)つとも食(た)べた。

   Kēki wa futatsu tomo tabeta.

   I have eaten both of the cakes.

   二(ふた)人(り)とも行(い)った。

   Futari tomo itta.

   Both of them went.

   今(こん)後(ご)ともよろしくお願(ねが)いいたします。

   Kongo tomo yoroshiku onegai itashimasu.

   Hereafter, please keep me in mind.

共(とも) • (-tomo) 

1. altogether
2. ...included

   送(そう)料(りょう)共(とも)

   sōryō-tomo

   including shipping fees, including postage

• 込(こみ) (komi)

Kanji in this term
共
ども Grade: 4
kun'yomi

共(ども) • (-domo) 

1. indicates plural:
   1. when attached to a human noun
   2. (Classical Japanese) when attached to any noun
      • c. 1001–1014, Murasaki Shikibu, Genji Monogatari (Aoi)

        「まづ、女(によう)房(ばう)出(い)でね」とて、童(わらは)の姿(すがた)どものをかしげなるを御覧(ごらん)ず。いとらうたげなる髪(かみ)どものすそ、 […]

        “Mazu, niyōbau idene” tote, waraha no sugata domo no okashige naru o goran zu. Ito rautage naru kami domo no suso, […]

        "Starting with the court girls", he said, looking at the young servants' pretty forms. The beautiful tips of their hairs, […]

Affixing 共 to oneself indicates humbleness. Affixing 共 to other people is disrespectful compared to 達 (たち, -tachi).

• 達(たち) (tachi)

• 其(そ)れ共(とも) (soretomo)
• 共(とも)食(ぐ)い (tomogui)
• 共(とも)に (tomo ni)
• 共(とも)稼(かせ)ぎ (tomokasegi)

Kanji in this term
共
きょう Grade: 4
kan'on

• IPA^(key): [kʲo̞ː]

共(きょう) • (kyō-) ^{←きよう (kyou-)?}

1. co-

共 (eumhun 함께 공 (hamkke gong))

1. hanja form^? of 공 (“common; together”)

• 공산주의 (共産主義, gongsanjuui)
• 공산주의자 (共産主義者, gongsanjuuija)
• 공동체 (共同體, gongdongche)
• 공통점 (共通點, gongtongjeom)
• 반공 (反共, ban'gong)
• 공비 (共匪, gongbi)

共: Hán Việt readings: cung, cộng, củng
共: Nôm readings: cùng, cũng, cọng, cụng, gọng

1. chữ Hán form of cộng (“to add; plus”)
2. chữ Nôm form of cùng (“with, and; same”)

• Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
• Trần Văn Chánh: Từ Điển Hán Việt NXB Trẻ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
• Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999